There's all kinds of skills needed to be a good speaker. Here's a few from the adeprimarora blog!- Mr. W.
11 Februari 2015
1 Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way for students to produce clearer language when they are speaking. It means that the student can communicate effectively when they have good pronunciation and intonation even though they have limited vocabulary and grammar. Pronunciation refers to the traditional or customary utterance of words. From that statement can be concluded that pronunciation is the way for students to produce the utterance words clearly when they are speaking (Kline, 2001:69). English pronunciation does not amount to mastery of a list of sounds or isolated words. Instead, it amounts to learning and practicing the specifically English way of making a speaker’s thoughts easy to follow (Gilbert, 2008:1).
Moreover, pronunciation includes all those aspects of speech which make for an easily intelligible flow of speech, including segmental articulation, rhythm, intonation and phrasing, and more peripherally even gesture, body language and eye contact (Fraser, 2001:6). Based on the statement above can be concluded that Pronunciation includes many aspects that include articulation, rhythm, intonation and phrasing, and more peripherally even gesture, body language and eye contact
2 Grammar
Grammar is needed for the students to arrange correct sentences in conversation both in written and oral forms. Grammar is defined as a systematic way of accounting for and predicting an ideal speaker’s or hearer’s knowledge of the language. This is done by a set of rules or principles that can be used to generate all well formed or grammatical utterances in the language (Purpura, 2004:6). Moreover, the other definition of grammar stated by Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:1) argue that Grammar refers to the set of rules that allow us to combine words in our language into larger units.
The grammar of a language is the description of the ways in which words can change their forms and can be combined into sentences in that language (Harmer, 2001:12). Thus, from the statements above can be concluded that the function of grammar is to arrange the correct meaning of sentences based on the context; in addition, it is used to avoid misunderstanding in each communicator.
Moreover, Nelson (2001:1) states that grammar is the study of how words combine to form sentences. Thus from statement above can be concluded that grammar is a rule that is needed for the students to combine correct sentences in conversation both in written and oral forms. Grammar refers to the fundamental principles and structure of the language, including clear and correct sentence construction and the proper forms of words (Batko, 2004:24).
3 Vocabulary
Vocabulary is essential for successful second language use because without an extensive vocabulary, we will be unable to use the structure and function we may have learnt for comprehensible communicative. It can be said that one key the success in communicative, which is the power of words.
Vocabulary means the appropriate diction or the most important thing in a language especially in speaking; furthermore, knowing many vocabularies we will be easier to express our ideas, feeling and thoughts both in oral or written form. In spoken language, the vocabulary tends to be familiar and everyday (Turk, 2003:87). It means that in spoken language or speaking, the vocabulary used must be very familiar and it is used in everyday conversation in order to understand the spoken discourse. Vocabulary is a basic building block of language learning. Students need to know words, their meanings, how they are spelt and how they are pronounced. Thus, when teaching vocabulary, the teachers have to
make sure that they explain the meaning as well as the spelling and pronunciation. Vocabulary is the knowledge of meanings of words. What complicates this definition is the fact that words come in at least two forms: oral and written.
Oral vocabulary is the set of words for which we know the meanings when we speak or read orally. Written vocabulary consists of those words for which the meaning is known when we write or read silently. These are important distinctions because the set of words that beginning readers know are mainly oral representations. As they learn to read, written vocabulary comes to play an increasingly larger role in literacy than does the oral vocabulary (Hiebert and Kamil, 2005:3).
Moreover, Vocabulary is a set of lexemes including single words, compound words and idioms (Richards and Schmidt, 2002:580).
4 Fluency
Fluency is defined as the ability to speak communicatively, fluently and accurately. Fluency usually refers to express oral language freely without interruption. In teaching and learning process, if the teacher wants to check students’ fluency, the teacher allows students to express themselves freely without interruption. The aim is to help students speak fluently and with ease. The teacher does not correct immediately whereas the idea being that too much correction interferes with the flow of conversation (Pollard, 2008:16).
Comprehension is an ability to perceive and process stretches of discourse, to formulate representations the meaning of sentences. Comprehension of a second language is more difficult to study since it is not; directly observable and must be inferred from overt verbal and nonverbal responses, by artificial instruments, or by the intuition of the teacher or researcher. Comprehension refers to the fact that participants fully understand the nature of the research project, even when procedures are complicated and entail risks (Cohen et al., 2005:51).
Therefore, in speaking can be concluded that the comprehension refers to the speakers’ understanding about what are they saying to the listeners in order avoid misunderstanding information; in addition, its function is to make the listeners easily to catch the information from the speaker. |